MANIPULATIVES
Real objects such as
coins, tools, artifacts, plants, and animals-are some of the most accessible,
intriguing and involving materials in educational use.
Verbalism is a term
that refers to parroting words without meaningful understanding. Real objects
may be used as is, or you may modify them to enhance instruction.
·
Cutaways: Devices such as machines with one side cut away to allow
close observation of the inner workings
·
Specimens: actual plants, animals, or parts thereof preserved for
convenient inspection.
·
Exhibits: collection of artifacts, often of a
scientific or historical nature, brought together with pointed information to
illustrate a point
The advantages of
them:
Ø Presenting
information
Ø Raising questions
Ø Providing
Hands-on learning experiences
Ø Play a valuable
role in the evaluation phase of instruction
Ø Can be displayed in
a central location
Ø Learners can
identify, classify, describe their functioning, discuss their utility, or
compare and contrast them
Models are
three-representations of real objects. A model may be larger, smaller, or the
same size as the objects is represents. It may be complete in detail or
simplified for instructional purposes. Classroom construction of models kit can
also appear in every ages and can stimulate inquiry and discovery.
Mock-ups which are
simplified representation of complex devices or processes are prevalent in
individual training. Models and real objects are the recommended media when
realism is essential for learning.
Computer Programs
and Manipulatives
Science Court “Exploration” introduces
and reinforces the scientific method and fundamental science concepts for young
students. A funny and compelling animated story on CD-ROM introduces a
scientific questions.
Field Trips an excursion
outside the classroom to study real processes, people and objects, often grows
out of students’ need for firsthand experiences.
Virtual field trips are an
extension of actual field trips. The following vital aspect of a field trip is
if the purpose of the evaluation will be more formal, if the objectives are the
formation of attitudes and appreciation.
Printed Materials include
textbook, booklets, pamphlets, study guides, manuals, and worksheets, as well
as word processed documents prepared by students and teachers.
Advantages of
printed materials:
a. Availability
b. Flexibility
c. Portability
d. User friendly
e. Economical
Limitation of
printed materials:
a. Reading
level
b. Prior
knowledge
c. Memorization
d. Vocabulary
e. One-way
presentation
f. Curriculum
determination
g. Cursory
appraisal
Integration
Presenting content
information, used in all subject areas and with students of all ages once they
learn to read.
Utilization
‘SQ3R’ method
a. Surveys
requires students to skim through the printed material and to read the overview
and/or summary
b. Question
step to write all the list ad answer he question during the reading
c. Read
stage are encourage students to look for the organization of the materials
d. Recite
requires them to test themselves while reading and to put the content into
their own word
e. Review
suggest the students look over the material immediately after reading it.
Free and
Inexpensive Materials
Posters, games,
pamphlets, brochure, reports, charts, maps, books, audiotapes, videotapes,
multimedia kits, and real objects.
Advantages
Ø Up to date
Ø In-depth treatment
Ø Variety of uses
Ø Student
manipulations
Limitation
Ø Bias or advertising
Ø Special interest
Ø Limited quantities
Display Surfaces
1. Chalkboards
2. Multipurpose
boards
3. Copy
boards
4. Pegboards
5. Bulletin
boards
6. Cloth
boards
7. Magnetic
boards
8. Flip
charts
9. Exhibits
10. Display
11. Dioramas
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